Havana, Cuba - One rum, two owners: the decades-long legal battle between the Cuban government and spirits giant Bacardi over the popular Havana Club rum brand has entered a new phase with the enactment of a new US trademark law.

Entitled "No Stolen Trademarks Honored in America Act" and signed into law last month by outgoing President Joe Biden, it prohibits US courts from recognizing trademarks that were "illegally confiscated" by the Cuban government since the 1959 Cuban Revolution.

The law cements Bacardi's rights to Havana Club and could prevent Cuba's state-owned Cubaexport and its French partner, beverage giant Pernod Ricard, from asserting their rights to the brand in the US.

While Cuba currently cannot export its rum to the US because of a decades-long trade embargo, the government in Havana and Pernod Ricard believe that maintaining trademark rights to the iconic drink is important in case restrictions are lifted.

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The law, which was championed by incoming Secretary of State and Cuba hardliner Marco Rubio, was swiftly criticized by the island nation's government, which said that it violates international norms.

"Once again, the United States government provides space for the dark interests of the most aggressive anti-Cuban sectors whose manipulation of the American political system has become a practice," the government said in a recent statement.

Bacardi, which was exiled from Cuba after the country's Communist revolution, says that the Cuban government unlawfully seized rum distilleries and the Havana Club brand from its founder Jose Arechabala SA in 1960.

But the Cuban government has maintained its rights to the brand and has marketed Havana Club worldwide, with the exception of the US because of the embargo Washington imposed in 1962.

In 1976, Cuba managed to assert its rights to the brand in the US, until Bacardi contested it in 1995 and started selling its own rum in the US under the Havana Club brand.

The legal fight is unlikely to subside because the rum industry is booming.

According to a recent report by Dublin-based consultancy Research and Markets, the global rum market is expected to grow at an average rate of 7.7% per year over the next six years, jumping from $19.1 billion in 2024 to $32.2 billion by 2031.

In 2016, the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) renewed Cubaexport's registration of the Havana Club brand for 10 years, but the enactment of the law is likely to complicate its renewal in 2026.

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John Kavulich, director of the New York-based Cuba-US Trade and Economic Council, described the law as "an immensely cost-effective" lobbying effort for Bacardi.

"Most significantly was the complete lack of opposition – even from the most vocal members of the United States Congress who support commercial, economic, financial, and political re-engagement with Cuba," Kavulich said to AFP.

After the brief thaw in US-Cuban ties that began under Barack Obama (2009-2017) and the strengthening of sanctions during Republican Donald Trump's first presidency (2017-2021), which largely remained unchanged under Democrat Biden, tensions with Havana could rise further under Trump's second term.